The New Paradigm for Financial Markets: The Credit Crash of 2008 and What It Means

The New Paradigm for Financial Markets The Credit Crash of 2008 and What It Means by George Soros (based on 64 customer reviews)

(Hardcover)
Author: George Soros
Publisher: PublicAffairs

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Most useful review as voted by customers:
165 out of 213 people found the following review helpful.
Review Date: 4/5/08

Hmmm...

About the previous review, I find it interesting that you say the subprime issue is: "a situation that has perplexed all economists" and then you proceed to give your own solution at the end of what you wrote. Are you saying that you alone have the solution to something that has "perplexed all economists?" Sounds deserving of a Nobel in Economics if true...ahem. Not all economists are "perplexed" by the issue...they merely speak in technical terms so most people don't understand the gravity of what they are saying. They have known of this issue for a long time. In fact, Bernanke wrote a book on what he is about to do with interest rates. It is called "Inflation Targeting." He will seek to maintain a certain "core inflation rate." Note that *food* and *fuel* are NOT included in the "core rate." They are part of what he is calling "headline inflation." The FED will not react to changes in food and fuel (headline) inflation directly...only after they have affected the "core inflation rate." This lag in control will likely create oscillations in the system. Great for stock traders, but tough for the average person with a life. The FED will have tough times politically.

Further, you say that it has "instilled fear in anybody who wasn't vacationing in the space station in the last year." Those in the know have understood the problems with these policies for a long time. If you have understood this for only a year, then you are quite late to the party and have forgotten that Soros fought hard during the last election for a change in policies. Buffett spoke out against derivatives long ago. Jim Rogers (co-founder of Quantum Fund with Soros) wrote about the commodities boom in 2004 in his book "Hot Commodities." Implicit in the view that commodities will boom is the view that there will be hyper-inflation, since everything is made of commodities and the hyper-inflated prices will be passed along or the companies will go out of business. Greenspan also alluded to hyper-inflation in his book.

Well, I won't address all the fallacies in your argument, since they are myriad. I will simply let the salient ones I have addressed stand. (Um...By the way, "penultimate" means one less than "ultimate." It does not mean greater than ultimate. There is only one word for "ultimate"...and "ultimate" is it.)

Anyway, Soros is an expert in this field and has been quite prescient on this topic for years. Following advice such as his (as well as that of Rodgers, Buffett, Graham, and other notables) has permitted me to position my portfolio defensively for these times. I started years ago (hence my knowledge of what was known more than a year ago.) I sold my home at the peak of housing and bought a home in an area that did not have the same unrealistic home inflation. The remaining cashed-out home equity was invested in other defensive things. My home value has not fallen nearly as much as it would have had I kept my other home, thanks to Mr. Soros' foresight. I look forward to what he has to say about the coming financial winds so I can plot my next step in capital preservation/expansion.

Don't judge the book based on theoretical criticisms. Look at the reality of the track record of the man himself. Also, consider the fundamental fact that most "bubbles" occur because of over leveraging and greed. Years ago there was the LBO bust and today, we have a bust from over leveraged banks and improperly leveraged homeowners. I say "improperly" because the way those contracts were written practically assures a bust...prepayment penalties that are really refinance penalties, interest rates dependent on LIBOR (London Inter-Bank Offerring Rate) instead of US rates, etc.

In short, if the FED can't use its tools to avoid the foreclosures, it will cause a depression in the housing market. In fact, the housing market is already in depression by definition. That is, interest rate changes cannot be used to avoid the harm...therefore, severe price deflation (i.e., "depression") and job losses result. Since 78% of the US economy is housing related (e.g., furniture sales, appliance sales, insurance, lawn care, carpeting, mortgage banking, etc.) the situation is clearly serious.

Now...all of this has a deeper level. There is a larger case of over-leveraging that is starting to unwind right as you read this review: The National Debt. Yes, deficits *do* matter. They are obligated taxes...with interest. The payment of the trillion dollar national debt will be painful and require a type of tax that noone voted for: Inflation. Why? Well, how is one going to get people to vote for a tax to pay off the debt when they were already voting against the taxes they already had? The only solution is an involuntary, hidden tax: Inflation. Over time, Inflation makes debts look smaller and more managable. The hidden inflation tax is *already* here because of the current interest rate cuts and will grow to a size people haven't yet imagined. Buy gold, oil, or any other commodity. This will be about a ten year cycle, overall, so inflation has a long time to run.

Since inflation has already started, it will be difficult to stop. Like a fire, it will continue to burn until susceptible assets are destroyed. The remaining assets will be helped by it though.

Buffett warned of this years ago. He recently said that more and more deficit spending and rate cuts would eventually make the dollar "worthless" (a statement he later "corrected" under some pressure to "worth less".) Anyway, the situation is serious. Don't trust any particular review of the book...not even this one. Look at the book yourself and make your OWN judgement regarding Soros' acumen.

130 out of 145 people found the following review helpful.
Review Date: 5/9/08

Short but interesting

In August 2006 the risk manager of the home equity division of one of the largest banks in the United States collected his staff together and told them that the portfolio they manage had begun to exhibit dramatic losses. All the other banking institutions were beginning to exhibit similar losses he said, but that policies to be put in place will mitigate these losses and therefore "not to worry." He resigned his position only six months later, and at the time the mortgage losses throughout the nation were accelerating dramatically, forcing layoffs, resignations, panic in the financial markets, and aggressive action from the Federal Reserve.

Theories abound on why this turmoil is occurring, one of these being discussed in this book, which is written by one of most well-known financial speculators of all time. The tone of the book is general and philosophical, and the author refrains from indulging in mathematical considerations, but there are many concepts in the book that are interesting and merit further investigation. The author's intellectual honesty is refreshing, in that he admits the job he has taken on is a formidable one. Describing the workings of the financial markets is challenging, and has occupied the time of countless researchers and financial analysts.

The author wants to get rid of the "market equilibrium" paradigm in traditional economics and replace it with one that he has called "reflexivity". This concept is similar to a few that have been discussed in recent months, one holding that investor analysis and modeling activities actually serve to change the markets, rather than just "mirror" them. The author's idea is that humans have both a cognitive function and a "manipulative" one when they approach the financial markets. This has the implication that social phenomena cannot be described or studied in the same way as natural phenomena. They are separate areas of study, he argues, and he attempts to justify their separation on the pages of this very short book.

His analysis is interesting and provocative, and certainly worthy of attention, but to put it on a firm quantitative foundation would require a large amount of work. The theory of reflexivity is not the only proposal to be put forward that differs from the classical one. There have been many in recent years due to the increasing importance of financial engineering, the latter of which has been applied on a massive scale. But the author proposed this theory almost two decades ago, when derivatives trading and financial modeling were beginning to ramp up. He therefore foresaw the need for alternative points of view when dealing with financial instruments and market activities that cannot be captured by the classical paradigm.

The book is part autobiographical and could probably be better appreciated if the reader was familiar with the author's earlier works. But anyone interested in making sense out of the current news reports will find an interesting read here, even though at times the author's political affiliation comes out a bit heavy-handed. In addition, his attitude about free markets and "laissez faire" is somewhat puzzling since a purely "laissez faire" economy has not been realized historically. Any arguments against its efficacy are therefore misplaced. Those who still believe in "laissez faire" may therefore object strongly to many of the author's assertions and his recommendations at the end of the book for fixing the current "credit crisis." Whatever your world view though it is perhaps fair to say that the increasing complexity of the financial markets demands new ideas and approaches.If anything a good understanding of financial dynamics is a matter of survival. The financial markets of the twenty-first century take no prisoners.

42 out of 47 people found the following review helpful.
Review Date: 7/20/08

Putting Limits on Leverage

George Soros thinks that the current credit crunch is the most severe financial crisis since the 1930s and that it marks the end of an era of credit expansion based on the dollar. In this book he argues that a new paradigm is urgently needed to better understand what is going on. The paradigm used until now by most economists was based on false premises.

The existing paradigm, often referred to as free-market fundamentalism, holds that markets are self-correcting, that they naturally tend toward equilibrium. Economists as far back as Adam Smith have argued against regulation or government intervention of any kind since it would interfere with the natural forces of the market.

Soros correctly argues the contrary. In fact government intervention has repeatedly saved the market. A few examples are the bankruptcy of Continental Illinois in 1984, or the failure of Long Term Capital Management in 1998, or the current bolstering of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (my example). The notion that the market deviates from an orderly path is the rule rather than the exception.

The new paradigm that is needed, according to Soros, must incorporate the theory of reflexity. Developed in previous works by himself and his mentor Karl Popper, reflexivity examines the relationship between thinking and reality, between the cognitive function and the manipulative function. In the investment world, this means that when investors are bullish on, say, housing or mortgage backed securities their values go up, not because they become intrinsically more valuable, but because everyone else is thinking they are more valuable. This is basically old-fashioned market psychology dressed-up in theory. The mechanism that allows the market to go up is self-reinforcing but ultimately self-defeating. The market goes from euphoria to despair overshooting the top, and ultimately the bottom too. Witness today's housing market.

We are currently experiencing the consequences of unregulated credit markets and Soros argues that if more is not done the crisis could get much worse. He points out that moneterist doctrine in inadequate. Controlling the money supply is only half of the picture. The internet bubble, the housing bubble, and the current commodities bubble were created through excessive use of leverage. The amount of debt currently outstanding is unprecedented. Any new financial regulations will need to temper the use of credit to avoid future bubbles.

Soros argues that the US must come to grips with the new realities if it is to maintain its preeminent position in the world. If we are not careful the dollar will lose its standing as the reserve currency of choice. The task of regulating credit will now became even more precarious since the credit market is already tightening. Soros, as a former hedge fund manager, realizes that credit is the lifeblood of capitalism and any overregulation will also damage the economy. Reflexivity theory aside, this book is an excellent discussion of the challenges we are facing today.

30 out of 39 people found the following review helpful.
Review Date: 4/7/08

a powerful deconstruction of the tools of economics

I suggest the open minded reader start at about pg. 80 to read and understand that reflexity is the most important concept in finance. The concept of reflexity has clearly been hidden from view in the classical economic models.

Anyone who has taken a basic course in economics will immediately see the ultimate validity in what Soros is saying (he uses the idea of supply and demand curves as a starting point for a larger critique of economics).

This is by far his best book, having read Alchemy of Finance many times, and all of his books that were political in nature as well - It is probably best to say that he is going for the jugular now with regards to exposing the worlds of politics and finance for what they are.

Soros provides a no holds barred intellectual assessment of the political and economic situation in the US.

His view of the global economy is still positive and healthy. Only the housing bubble economies are at risk.
This should relax those who merely want to assess Soros' work as paranoid or delusional (one of the first reviews seemed to suggest that if not in word, than in tone).

The book clearly presents all of its ideas in an honest, forthright tone, and it is clear that Soros has the interests of the public at large in mind.

The only downside - is reading the book online is somewhat difficult on the eyes, I would have prefered to be able to print it (bought the adobe secure version).

17 out of 19 people found the following review helpful.
Review Date: 5/6/08

Economics shouldn't be political

First, Soros is a very savvy financial genius. I'm always amazed when people try to take shots at him. It's like saying Bill Gates doesn't understand technology. When Soros talks, listen. If you don't understand, listen some more.

Reflexivity is Soros's pet theory. He outlined it in the Alchemy of Finance. Basically the idea is that events can become self reinforcing. How does that relate to the mortgage collapse?

The mortgage bubble and collapse was just like any other. Banks and other institutions noticed that lending money was profitable when the economy was expanding. All the loans seemed to be turning out well. The banks were printing money and decided to loan more and more. As more credit became available, the economy continued to perform strongly (the easy availability of money spurs on the economy) causing existing loans to perform even better. Banks were enticed to lend even more. All the while, institutions of all stripes continued to pile on leverage as their investments blossomed. Eventually someone decided to take their chips off the table. All of a sudden, credit came into question. Institutions started to de-lever, worried that they wouldn't be able to get their money off the table fast enough. No one would extend more credit. Money became scarce. Loans defaulted. The housing market crashed.

So, a long slow benevolent cycle followed by a sharp a nasty malevolent unwinding. Pretty common in the financial markets. Predicting where one starts and another ends, however, is very, very, very difficult (an inevitbly a lot of very smart, very experienced people will be very wrong).

An additional problem with mortgages was just how perverse the incentives were. Mortgage originators were paid by volume, not quality. They were encouraged not to check credit and to come up with creative ways to write loans to anyone. Homeowners were getting a tremendous deal - basically a call on the housing market and / or free credit to buy stuff. Investment funds (they should have been smarter) were lured into participating by the continued good returns - remember, until the dam breaks, anyone taking in the higher interest payment (and bearing the greater risk) looks pretty smart. Even the government gets to play along by pushing originators to make high risk loans in the name of "fairness".

A simple solution is just to mandate fixed rate loans, either 15 or 30 years, and a minimum down payment of 25%. Eliminate leverage and the problem is solved. Of course then the same politicians that call the banks who lost billions evil for taking advantage of the home owners (uh, how's that again??) will call the banks evil for cheating main street by not letting it use the same tools as wall street. Populist business bashing is always fun until businesses start to die off.

Some other points were on target, i.e. the effect of a large debt / inflation. Bush gets blamed for a lot of things, but he was actually good for the economy short term. Lower taxes and higher spending => stronger economy. Unfortunately, he's been dangerously reckless long term. Lower taxes is good, but it needs to be accompianied by lower spending. Instead we get irresponsible budgeting, a foreign adventure in Iraq, squandered international good will, no attempt made to curb the entitlement programs (medicare, medicaid and social security) that will destroy our country. So waht happens? People start to lose confidence in the $ and exchange it for other things. Losing 50% against the Euro may seem bad but it's nothing compared to how the $ has fallen against oil, metals and grains. Want a stronger $? Cut taxes and spending. The economy and the $ will go through the roof.

Soros leans a little to the left politically, but anything he writes is worth reading. If you feel the need, just add a little red and take a little blue away from the picture and you'll find some very valuable insights.

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